Siguiendo con la lista de las palabras frecuentemente confundidas:
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emigrate, immigrate: When you leave a country, you emigrate from it. When you come into a country, you immigrate to it. His parents, who emigrated from Russia, immigrated to the United States.
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eminent, imminent, emanate: Eminent means prominent, while imminent means about to happen. The eminent lawyer was in imminent danger of being shot. Emanate means to issue from a source. A ghostly light emanated from the cloud.
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entitled, titled: Use entitled to mean the right to have or do something. The Doyles were entitled to the money. Do not use it to mean titled. The book is titled (not entitled) The Habitats of Wolves.
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envelop, envelope: Envelop is a verb meaning to cover completely or surround. The fog enveloped the town. Envelope is a noun meaning something that covers, such as an envelope for a letter.
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envy, jealousy: Although sometimes used synonymously, envy and jealousy have different meanings. Envy is the desire for something that someone else has, or a feeling of ill will over another's advantages. My envy of your success has made me bitter. Jealousy is a resentful suspicion that someone else has what rightfully belongs to the jealous person. Out of jealousy, he followed his wife. By favoring their daughter, they created jealousy in their son.
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et al., etc.: The abbreviation et al. (Latin et alit) means and others. It, rather than etc., should be used to refer to additional people. The research paper was prepared by S. Robinson, F Lupu, I Alderson, et al. Use this abbreviation only in bibliographical entries or similar citations. The abbreviation etc. (Latin et cetera) also means and others, but it is used with things, not people. Don't forget to collect test papers, pencils, scratch pads, etc. If you use the phrase such as before a list of items, don't use etc. Gym equipment, such as basketballs, nets, and towels, will be provided not Gym equipment, such as basketballs, nets, towels, etc., will be provided.
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every one, everyone: Every one means each one of a group of items or people. Every one of those people who came to the party early left drunk. Everyone means all, everybody. Everyone who left the party was drunk.
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farther, further: Use farther in referring to physical distance. I walked farther than you. Otherwise, use further. I will question the suspect further.
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faze, phase: Faze is a verb meaning to disturb or daunt; phase is a noun meaning a period or stage: This phase of her son's behavior didn't faze her. As a verb, phase (with in) means to introduce or carry out in stages. They phased in the new equipment at the plant.
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fewer, less: Use fewer for individual countable items or people; use less for bulk, degree, or quantity. We expected fewer (not less) people to come. Climbing the mountain took less effort (not fewer) than we thought.
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flair, flare: If you have a flair for something, you have a natural talent for it. Her flair for putting people at ease impressed us. A flare is a flame or bright light. Flare as a verb means to blaze brightly or burst out suddenly. Flair is never a verb.
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flaunt, flout: Flaunt means to make a gaudy or defiant display of something. It is sometimes confused with flout, which means to scorn or mock. He flouted (not flaunted) convention by wearing jeans to the black‐tie dinner. She flaunted (not flouted) her new company car in front of her coworkers.
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fortunate, fortuitous: Fortunate means lucky, having good fortune. Fortuitous means happening by chance. A fortuitous event isn't necessarily favorable. It was merely fortuitous that she was standing on the trail when the landslide began, but she was fortunate enough to escape injury.
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forward, foreword: Forward means ahead, or at or toward the front. Foreword is an introduction at the beginning of a book.
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fulsome, abundant: Don't use fulsome when you mean abundant (profuse or great quantity). Fulsome means excessive or offensive. Therefore, receiving fulsome praise for an action is not something to be happy about, while receiving abundant praise is.
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gamut, gauntlet: Gamut means the entire range or extent. His reactions ran the gamut from rage to apathy. Don't confuse this word with gauntlet. Gauntlet has two meanings. First, it refers to a glove which in the days of chivalry was thrown to the ground to announce a challenge. Therefore, throwing down the gauntlet has become a figure of speech meaning to challenge. A fifty‐year‐old woman entered the race, thus throwing down the gauntlet to the younger runners. Second, gauntlet was also once a form of punishment in which a person ran between two rows of men who struck him. It has also become a figure of speech. In trying to promote her idea, she was forced to run the gauntlet between those who thought it was too ambitious and those who thought it wasn't ambitious enough.
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grisly, grizzly: A crime is grisly (ghastly, terrifying); grizzly is a type of bear, or someone whose hair is partially gray. Meeting a grizzly bear in the woods could be a grisly experience.
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hanged, hung: Although the usual past tense and past participle of hang is hung, hanged is still preferred when referring to people. We hung the paintings yesterday but They hanged the murderer last week.
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historic, historical: If something is historic, it figures in history. If something is historical, it pertains to history. Betsy Ross's home is a historic building; the moon landing is a historic event. On the other hand, you may take a historical tour of Washington D.C., read a historical novel, or buy a book of historical maps.
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implicit, tacit, explicit: Implicit means implied or unstated; however, it can also mean without reservation, which sometimes causes confusion. In a statement such as The consequences of the action were implicit in the letter, it is obvious that the meaning is implied. But the meaning is ambiguous in this statement: Their trust in the committee was implicit. Does implicit mean the trust was implied rather than stated, or does it mean the trust was beyond question? It would be clearer to say either Their trust in the committee was left implicit (unstated) or Their trust in the committee was absolute. Tacit means unspoken, not expressed openly, and is similar to one of the meanings of implicit. Tacit refers to speech rather than general expression. Although he didn't specifically address her, his speech gave her the tacit approval she needed to continue her project. Explicit, the opposite of implicit, means clearly stated. The professor was explicit in presenting the course requirements.
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