Main points
*The auxiliaries ‘be’, ‘have’, and ‘do’ are used in forming tenses, negatives, and questions.
*The auxiliary ‘be’ is used in forming the continuous tenses and the passive.
*The auxiliary ‘have’ is used in forming the perfect tenses.
*The auxiliary ‘do’ is used in making negative and question forms from sentences that have a verb in a simple tense.
a) The auxiliary verbs are ‘be’, ‘have’, and ‘do’. They are used with a main verb to form tenses, negatives, and questions.
- He is planning to get married soon.
- I haven’t seen Peter since last night.
- Which doctor do you want to see?
b) ‘Be’ as an auxiliary is used:
*with the ‘-ing’ form of the main verb to form continuous tenses.
- He is living in Germany.
- They were going to phone you.
*with the past participle of the main verb to form the passive.
- These cars are made in Japan.
- The walls of her flat were covered with posters.
c) You use ‘have’ as an auxiliary with the past participle to form the perfect tenses.
- I have changed my mind.
- I wish you had met Alex.
The present perfect continuous, the past perfect continuous, and the perfect tenses in the passive, are formed using both ‘have’ and ‘be’.
- He has been working very hard recently.
- She did not know how long she had been lying there.
- The guest-room window has been mended.
- They had been taught by a young teacher.
d) ‘Be’ and ‘have’ are also used as auxiliaries in negatives sentences and questions in continuous and perfect tenses, and in the passive.
- He isn’t going.
- Hasn’t she see it yet?
- Was it written in English?
You use ‘do’ as auxiliary to make negative and question forms from sentences that have a verb in the present simple or past simple.
- He doesn’t think he can come to the party.
- Do you like her new haircut?
- She didn’t buy the house.
- Didn’t he get the job?
Note that you can use ‘do’ as a main verb with the auxiliary ‘do’.
- He didn’t do his homework.
- Do they do the work themselves?
You can also use the auxiliary ‘do’ with ‘have’ as a main verb.
- He doesn’t have any money.
- Does anyone have a question?
You only use ‘do’ in affirmative sentences for emphasis or contrast.
- I do feel sorry for Roger.
Remember that you never use the auxiliary ‘do’ with ‘be’ except in the imperative.
- Don’t be stupid!
- Do be a good boy and sit still.
e) Some grammars include modals among the auxiliary verbs. When there is a modal in the verb group, it is always the first word in the verb group, and comes before the auxiliaries ‘be’ and ‘have’.
- She might be going to Switzerland for Christmas.
- I would have like to have seen her.
Note that you never use the auxiliary ‘do’ with a modal.
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Top Tips Abz Ingles: Part A - Part B
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